sory lame x de citer

salam semua.... sory la lame x update citer yea.... bukannye ape cibuk sikit sbb nak final exam ( sibuk ker).... urm... mmg tgh banyak citer nie.... tapi nanti petang org citer yea,... nak study jap..... k...

dokter2

salam.... hehehehhe
korang bace x paper utusan semalam??? ( 07 oct 2010)  page 12yang ruangan forum tu... hahahahah yg ade komen2 sikit tu.... meh lah aqu tunjuk keratan yng mane satu... hehehhe

ha.... yang nie......  ( keratan akhbar utusan o7 oktober 2010)

DOKTER 'AGEN' SEBAR PENYAKIT SECARA TIDAK LANGSUNG

ha... org yang komen tu dio antar surat kat surat kabar lah,,... die tegur dokter... pi kantin  pakai kot lab... sedangkan kot lab yg dokter pakai tu wat pi jumpa patient... kantin tu tempat awam,... org duk makan... mesti micro2 from patient melekat kat lab kot diorang kan... sory yea dokter2 sekalin... mmg ah... kalu kite tgk dokter... bangga kan,,... senyum melebar kite jumpe diorang... ye lah dokter kottt... tapi... aqu powm setuju dengan penulis surat tu.... apesal dokter bawa baju lab kot ke kantin... n kalu x silap aqu... kot makmal a.k.a kot dokter.. hahaha... x leh bawa kat tempat public...

aqu powm pernah tgk ngan mate sendiri... sbb aqu belajo kat usmkk kampus kesihatan.... so adelah budak2 medik a.k.a dokter... ade sampai diorang naik moto nak balik umah or asrama powm pakai lab kot tu..... kononye x nak buh dalam bag... nanti kedut....
kate belajor anatomi... x kan x tau.. yg diorang pakai lab kot sampai ke naik motor or jalan kaki(biase student medic le... gaji x dapat lagi... naik motor dulu... heheheh) or diorang pi mane2 lah tmpat publik pakai labkot... of course diorang akan bawe microb2 yg kotor n pi jumpe patient... kan.. kan... kan...


so... saya harap doktr2 kite kat malaysia nie pikir lah yea... mmg isu kecik jer kot... tapi yea lah.... mmg bangga wei pakai lab kot tu... aqu yg nursing nie ade gak labcot... pakai dalam makmal je lah... siap amik gambo pah tag dalam f.b... konon nye dokter lah.... hahahahahaha.. harap2 dokter2 sekalian dapat mimikirkannye and amik lah tindakan yea...

ye dokter.... ok.... jangan marah ye.... kite saling tegur menegur lah yea.... heheheheheheheh

lawatan air loji chicha

sebenarnye aqu pi lawatan loji air chicha sbb aqu nyer silibus sosiology in nursing... hak2.... wajib kot... kalu x pi... kene potong markah.... haha so pakse rela pi nie... sebonarnyo kitorng pi nie 3 bulan yg lepas... tapi baru aqu nak shred... sbbnyer... baru tahu nak wat blog... hahaha... urmm...


kitorg pi naik bus usm ah...tolak kul 9... ingat lame...rupenyer.... 5 minit jer.... x puas lagi aqu naik bas tu.. hak hak... n than kitorg sampai lah saner.. kelantan water sdn bhn chicha... hehehe... a.k.a. kirenyer nie anak syarikat kerajaan negeri kelantan lah...(rasenyr x yah sebut pun korang tahu parti mmrintah kat sini kan... hahhha).. sume bangunan dia warne hijau.. tunjuk gamq sikit... hihihihj

ha.. nie diaaa... tangki jer putih.... eh.. betullah.... hahaha

pastu kitorag di bagi lah taklimat... n dio terngkan lah proses2 air nie... sampai lah paip kat umah... tapi aqu hairan an pilik... macam mane kawasan kubang jerian nie and certain tempt dia punyer air paip karat gile... dia punyer proses chey wah... bukan lagi bergaya kot... aleh2 dapat yg karat.. kitorang tanye lah soklan kat dio punye pro kot... kenape air tempat kitorang karat gile... n dia jawabbbbbbbbbb... salah satu faktornye sbb diorang x de saingan... and melibatkan kos... yang aqu benggangnye... x de saingan........... org patutnye bagi perkhidmatan baik giler lah dah ko yang monopoli kan... kalu x caye... nah bukti air sekotor mane yg penah kitorang dapat.......

bukan photo edit yea.. singki nie dia punyer ounca air from air kelantan lah... plik kan..........

urmm... dah lah.. malas nak citer pasal kualiti air nie... menyakitkan hti jer kan.. kan... kan....
ok..pas wat lawatan ke loji2... kitoang pun balik... no nak dijadikan citer mesti kitorang kene wat report kan... report group lah... tapi jadi kije individu kottttt... geram doh... aqu sekok2 wat report tu.. diorang wat gak mule2.. and hato... kene reject... pastu aqu wat lah sekok2... yang wat kene reject tu... aqu yang duk taip gak... bincang satu duo page jer... n then aqu wat... kes ngungkit dah nie... tapi ape aqu kisah dari korang x wat kije kan... kan.... kan...


ha... nie lah report aqu... tgk ah kot2 korang nak wat contoh wat report ke... chey wahhhhhhh... hahahaa.. ops2.... sebelum tu... nie ade gamaq skit2... hehehe

letih round minum air dulu kan... hehehehe

PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS KESIHATAN

KAMPUS KESIHATAN

DIPLOMA IN NURSING

STUDENT NAME:

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN AZMAN

MOHD NADZMI BIN ROSLAN

SARMILAN A/L MURUGIAH

NURUL HUSNA BINTI RAHIM

NURUL AIN ASHIKIN BINTI LOUT

NURUL FATIN WAHIDA BINTI AIDIL

NURUL AIN BINTI MOHD NIZAM

NUR AMIRA SHAMSHILLA BINTI MOHD SHAMSUL  BAHRI

NURSAKINAH BINTI MOHD ROSLI

COURSE:  DGN105/3 SOSIOLOGY IN NURSING

TITLE: LOPORAN LAWATAN KE LOJI AIR CHICHA

DATELINE: 02/08/2010

DATE SENT: 15/08/2010

TUTOR’S NAME: FAZDILLAH HUSIN

 

TAJUK : LAPORAN LAWATAN KE LOJI AIR CHICHA

NAMA PENULIS : MUHAMMAD NADZMI BIN ROSLAN

DISEDIAKAN UNTUK: PUAN FADZILAH

TARIKH : 2 OGOS 2010

1.0  PENGENALAN

Lawatan ke Loji Air Chicha  ini dilakukan  untuk memenuhi silibus mata pelajaran DGN 105 sosiologi dalam kejururawatan. Selain itu lawatan ini juga mempunyai objektif tersendiri iaitu, untuk mengenal pasti sumber air yang digunaka, menjelaskan kaedah rawatan yang digunakan, menerangkan kesan pencemaran air ke atas kesihatan dan menerangkan kepentingan air yang dirawat untuk kesihatan.

2.0TUJUAN

Tujuan laporan ini ditulis adalah untuk:

2.1 Melaporkan segala aktiviti dan maklumat yang kami dapat sepanjang                                                          Lawatan ke loji air chicha ini dijalankan.

2.2 Selain itu laporan ini juga ditulis bagi memenuhi syarat bagi subjek DGN105 sosiologi dalam kejururawatan.

3.0 SINOPSIS

3.1 Pada 2 ogos 2010 pelajar diploma kejururawatan telah mengadakan   lawatan ke Loji Air Chicha.  Kami seramai 89 orang termasuk 2 orang pensyarah sebagai pengiring bertolak dari USM Kubang Kerian pada jam 9.15 a.m dengan menaiki dua buah bas USM. Perjalanan kami ke sana memakan masa selama 15 minit.Kami tiba di Loji Air Chicha tepat pada jam 9.30 a.m. Setibanya kami disana, kami telah disambut oleh En Azhari Abd Rahman iaitu Penyelia Loji Air Chicha serta kakitangan-kakitangan yang lain. Kami telah berada disana selama 2jam 30 minit dan bertolak pulang ke kampus kesihatan usm pada pukul 12 tengahhari dan sampai ke kampus pada pukul 12.30. Manakala ada juga pelajar sampai ke kampus pada pukul 1.30 tengahhari kerana sebuah bas daripada dua buah bas yang menghantar kami lewat tiba atas sebab – sebab yang tidak dapat dielakan.

4.0 isi perbincangan

4.1 Antara  objektif  lawatan ini ialah yang pertama; untuk mengenal pasti sumber air yang digunakan. Sumber air yang digunakan loji rawatan air chicha, sumber air mentah dari tujuh medan telaga iaitu, Pasir Tumbuh, Pasir Hor, Padang Penyadapan, Kubang Kerian, Kenali, Chicha dan Seribong.

4.1.1Objektif kedua, menjelaskan kaedah rawatan yang digunakan. Air yang diperolehi diproses melalui lima peringkat iaitu melalui; pertama pengudaraan air, pengentalan, pemendapan, penapisan dan pembasmian kuman.

4.1.2Objektif ketiga, menerangkan kesan pencemaran air ke atas kesihatan. Antara penyakit bawaan air ialah, taun, cirit birit, keracunan makanan, kepialu, dan lain- lain.

4.1.3Objektif terakhir ialah menerangkan kepentingan air yang dirawat untuk kesihatan.

4.2 Kemudian, kami telah dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan.

4.2.1 Kumpulan pertama diberi taklimat terlebih dahulu

4.2.2 Semasa taklimat, kami diberi penerangan tentang cara-cara pemprosesan air, serta dua buah tayangan video mengenai sejarah Syarikat Air Kelantan sdn. bhd. dan langkah pemprosesan air dilakukan

4.2.4Manakala kumpulan kedua dibawa melawat ke kawasan rawatan air sementara menunggu taklimat untuk kumpulan satu selesai.Kami juga dibawa melawat ke kolam-kolam air yang sedang diproses.Terdapat banyak kolam yang dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian tertentu.Terdapat kolam yang mempunyai kedalaman lebih kurang sepuluh kaki.Kami juga telah diberi penerangan tentang fasa-fasa pemprosesan air.Di sana terdapat sebuah bilik yang mengandungi sepuluh alat kawalan air yang berfungsi untuk membuka pintu laluan air.

4.3 Antara proses yang telah dilakukan untuk memproses air yang di salurkan untuk pengguna ialah Pengudaraan, Pengentalan dan pengumpulan, Pemendapan, Penapisana dan Pengklorinan

4.3.1 Proses pengudaraan ialah proses air mentah disentuh secara dekat oleh udara bagi membebaskan gas – gas atau bahan meruap yang beracun   

4.3.2 Proses Pengentalan dan Pengumpulan pula ialah proses dimana satu bahan kimia dicampurkan kedalam air mentah dan membuatkan bahan – bahan halus di dalam air melekat di antara satu sama lain apabila berlaku sentuhan dan membentuk jisim – jisim kental yang sederhana besar ( sub microscopic)

4.3.3 Manakala proses Pemendapan pula, ialah proses untuk membuang atau mengasingkan flok yang telah terbentuk dari air dan juga untuk mendapatkan air yang lebih jernih sebelum ditapis. Tiub Lamella digunakan dalam pengasingan floc bagi proses penjernihan

4.3.4 Seterusnya proses Penapisan yang memerangkap baki – baki floc yang terlepas dari tangki mendap. Menggunakan penapis gravity 2 lap (Penapis Pasir)

4.3.5 Akhir sekali ialah proses pengklorinan. Proses yang melibatkan pembasmian kuman, klorin dimasukan ke dalam air untuk membunuh bakteria berbahaya

 4.4 Syarikat Air Kelantan diterajui oleh Y.A.B DATO’ TUAN GURU NIK AZIZ NIK MAT. Loji Rawatan Air Chicha yang ditubuhkan pada julai 2003 dan mengambil kos sebanyak RM80 juta seluas 4.2 hektar.

4.4.1Tangki-tangki air di Loji Rawatan Air Chicha di bersihkan sebulan sekali bagi memastikan air yang dibekalkan terjamin kebersihannya. Air yang dirawat oleh Loji Rawatan Air Chicha diagihkan kepada sepuluh kawasan iaitu Kawasan  Perindustrian Pengkalan Chepa, Kemumin, Sabak, Kubang Kerian, Peringat, Melor, Perol, Pasir Hor, Batu 4 dan sebahagian Bachok.

4.4.2 Kapasiti Rekabentuk Loji Rawatan Air Chica ialah 84MLD dan kapasiti pengeluaran semasa ialah 62 MLD.

4.4.3 Loji Rawatan Air Chicha telah menggunakan sistem rawatan air yang lengkap serta mempunyai sistem kawalan berkomputer, SCADA. Loji pertama di negeri Kelantan yang menggunakan ‘lamella plate’

4.4.4 Syarikat air kelantan mempunyai dua puluh satu loji yang menggunakan air sungai manakala tujuh buah lagi loji air syarikat ini menggunakan air bawah tanah

4.5 Berikut adalah keputusan ujian tapak (GI) di Loji Rawatan Air Chicha

PARAMETER	RAW WATER	TREARED WATER	LIMIT WHO (TREATED WATER)
Pre-chlorine (mg/l)	-	1.50	>0.2
Turbidity	5.0	0.5	5.0
pH	5.80	7.00	6.5 – 9.0
Colour (TCU)	15	0	<15
Iron (mg/l)	5.0	0.05	0.3

4.6 Setelah selesai kami membuat lawatan dikawasan logi tersebut kami dijamu sedikit jamuan ringan.Pegawai-pegawai dari Loji Rawatan Air Chicha begitu ramah melayan kami semua. Tiga puluh minit bas USM yang membawa kami tiba di Loji Rawatan Air Chicha dan kami bertolok pulang ke USM kampus kesihatan.

5.0 PENUTUP

Konklusinya, lawatan ini telah banyak memberikan kami kesedaran dalam menjaga kualiti air. Kami juga dapat mengetahui mengenai cara-cara untuk menjaga kualiti air yang disalurkan kepada seluruh warga penduduk Kelantan.  Pendekatan sebegini dapat memberi kesedaran kepada pelajar tentang kepentingan air dalam kehidupan seharian. Justeru itu, pelbagai inisiatif perlu diambil oleh pihak universiti untuk memperbanyakkan lagi aktiviti lawatan ke loji rawatan air ini kerana lawatan sebegini dapat memberikan faedah serta pengalaman yang berguna kepada para pelajar.

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assightment bio.....

nie dia.... assightment bio aqu... tajuknyer... plasma membrane.... hehehehe macam belajo form 4 balik lah... tapikan.... urm.... x pe ah.... tgk aje lah aqunyer assightment nie.....( sory yerk... sbb aqu baru lagi kat blog nie... so aqu x tau kenape gambor yg aqu letak jadi petak2 putih jer... sory yerk... hehehe.. aqu x leh nak selesaikan masalah nie deeeeeeeeeeeee..... hahahaha)

 

 

                Define cell membrane

                Describe the characteristic of the cell membrane with the help membrane with the help of the diagram

                Explain types of transport of the cell

          All living cells example prokarytic and eukaryotic have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents and serves as semi – pronous barrier to the outside environtment

          The membrane acts as boundary.

          It is because membrane holding the cell constituents together and keeping other substances from entering.

          Plasma membrane also called the Cell Membrane or plasmalemma.

          Plasma membrane is one of the biological membrane that separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment

          Cell membrane or plasma membrane are surrounds all cell and it is selectively permeable.

          Plasma membrane controlling the movement of substance in and out of the cell.

          Plasma membrane is permeable to specific molecules and allows nutrients other essential elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave the cell.

          For example oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water are able to pass freely across the membrane , but the passage of large molecules, such as amino acids and sugar is carefully regulated

          Plasma membrane contains a wide variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and also lipid.

          The plasma membrane also serve as the attachment point for the intracellular cytoskeleton and also teh extracellular cell wall

Figure 1 Plasma Membrane

It has lipid bilayer

 Two back-to-back layers made up three types of lipid molecules – phospholipid , cholesterol , and glycolipids

 About 75% of the membrane lipids are phospholipids, lipids that contain phosphorus

 Present in smaller amount are cholesterol (about 20%) and various glycolipids ( about 5%) , lipid with attached carbohydrate groups

 The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are amphiphatic molecules, which means that they have both polar and nonpolar parts.

 In phospholipid the polar parts is the phosphate containing “head”, which is hydrophilic and hydrophobic

 The phospholipid molecules orient themselves in the bilayer with their hydrophilic heads facing outward.

 The heads face a watery fluid on either side – cytosol on the inside and extracellular fluid on the outside

 The hydrophobic fatty acids tails in each half of the bilayer point towards one another, forming nonpolar, hydrophobic region in the membrane interior

It contains proteins

 That can act as pumps, channels, receptors, enzymes or structural components

 Integral proteins act as carriers, selectively moving a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other

 Most integral proteins are transmembrane proteins, which means they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extacellular fluid.

 A few integral protein are tightly attached to one side of the bilayer by covalent bonding to fatty acids.

 Like membrane lipids, integral membrane proteins are amphitatic.

 Their hydrophilic regions protrude into either the watery extracellular fluid or the cytosol, and their hydrophobic regions extend among the fatty acids tails

 Peripheral proteins are not as firmly embedded in the membrane. They associate more loosely with the polar head of membrane lipids or with integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

 Many membrane proteins are glycoproteins, proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

 In addition, peripheral proteins help support the plasma membrane, anchor integral proteins, and participate in mechanical activities such as moving materials and organelles within cells, changing cell shape in dividing and muscle cells, and attaching cells to another

It is semipermeable

 Some particles can pass through it easily based on concentrations gradients or other factors

 The factors that determine the permeability of a molecule across the plasma membrane are polarity , charge and size

 The permeability of the plasma membrane to different substance varies.

 Plasma membrane permit some substance to pass more readily than other.

 The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane is permeable to nonpolar, uncharged molecules. Such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids

 But is impermeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules such as glucose

 The slight permeability to water and urea is an unexpected property since they are polar molecules

It has potential

 Which means a voltage – the difference in charge between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

          Transport of the material across the plasma membrane is essential to the life of a cell

          Certain substance must move into the cell to support metabolic reactions

          Substance generally move across cellular membrane via transport process that can be classified as passive or active, depending on whether they require cellular energy

          In passive process, a substance moves down it concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy

          Kinetic energy is intrinsic to the particles that are moving

          There is no input of energy from the cell, example is simple diffusion

          In active process, cellular energy is used to drive the substance against its concentration or electrical gradient

          The cellular energy used is usually in the form of ATP, example is active transport.

PASSIVE PROCESSES

THE PRINCIPLE OF DIFFUSION

  Diffusion is a passive process in which the random mixing of particle in asolution occurs because of the particle in a solution occurs because of the particles kinetic energy

  If a particular solute is present in high concentration in one area of a solution and in low concentration in another area, solute molecules will diffuse toward the area of lower concentration

  Some time, the particles become evenly distributed throughout the solution is said to be at equilibrium

  The particle continue to move about randomly due to their kinetic energy, but their concentration do not change.

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

  Simple diffusion is passive process in which substance move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of cell without the help of membrane transport proteins

  Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules move across the lipid bilayer through the process of simple diffusion

 

  some molecules include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gases and fat-soluble vitamins ( A,D,E and K)

  small, uncharged polar molecules such as water, urea and small alcohols also pass through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion.

  simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer is important in the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide  between blood and body cell and between blood  and air within the lungs during breathing

  it also is the route for absorption of some nutrients and excretion of some waste by body cells

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

  Solute that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can croos the plasma membrane by  a passive process called facilitated diffusion

  In this process, an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane

  The integral membrane protein can be either a membrane channel or a carrier

CHANNEL – MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION IN CHANNEL MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFUSSION

          A solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel

          Most membrane channels are ion channels integral transmembrane proteins that allow passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic to  penetrate the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer

          Diffusion of ions through channels is generally slower than free diffusion though the lipid bilayer because channel occupy a smaller fraction of the membrane total surface area than lipids.

          A channel is said to be gated when part of the channel protein acts as a “plug” or “gate” changing shape in one way to open the pore and in another way to close it

          Some gated channels randomly alternate between the open and closed position other are regulated by chemical or electrical changes inside and outside of the cell.

          The plasma membrane of different types of cells may have different number of ion channels and thus display different permeabilities to various ions

CHANNEL – MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION IN CARRIER  MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFUSSION

          A carrier is used to move a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

          The solute binds to a specific carrier undergoes in change a shape

          The solute binds more often to the carrier on the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of solute.

          The rate of carrier – mediated facilitated diffusion is determine by the steepness of the concentration gradient across the membrane

          Substance that move across the plasma membrane by carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion include glucose, fructose, galactose and some vitamins.

          Glucose enters many body cells by carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

          The selective permeability of the plasma membrane is often regulated to achieve homeostasis.

          With more glucose carrier available, body cells can pick up glucose from the blood more rapidly

          An inability to produce or utilize insulin is called diabetes mellitus

OSMOSIS

  Osmosis is the type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

  Osmosis is passive process

  Passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

  Osmosis occurs only when a membrane is permeable to water but is not permeable to certain solutes

  The solution with the impermeable solute also exerts a force called the osmotic pressure

  The osmotic pressure of a solution is proportional to the concentration of the solute particles that cannot cross the membrane- the higher the solute concentration, the higher the solution osmotic

ACTIVE PROCESSES

  Such solutes may be able to cross the membrane by a process called active transport

  Active transport is consider an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins to move solute across the membrane against a concentration gradient

  Solute actively transported across the plasma membrane include several ion

PRIMARY ACTIVE PROCESSES

  In primary active transport, energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein, which ‘pumps’ a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

  Carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport are often called pumps.

  A typical body cell expends about 40% of the ATP it generates on primary active transport

  The most prevalent primary active transport mechanism expels sodium ions (Na+) from cells and brings potassium ions (K+) in.

  The different concentrations of Na+ and K+ in cytosol and extracellular fluid are crucial  for maintaining normal cell volume and for ability of some cell to generate electrical signals such as action potentials

  By helping to maintain normal tonicity on each side of the plasma membrane, the sodium-potassium pumps ensure that cells neither shrink nor swell due to the movement of water by osmosis out of or into cells

SECONDARY ACTIVE PROCESSES

  In secondary  active transport, the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substance across the membrane against on their own concentration gradients.

  Because a Na+ or H+ gradient is established by primary active transport, secondary active transport indirectly uses energy obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP

  Secondary active transport proteins harness the energy in the Na+ concentration gradient by providing routes for Na+ to leak into cells

  If these transporters move two substances in the same direction they are called symporters; antiporters in contrast, move two substances in opposite direction across the membrane

TRANSPORT IN VESICLES

  A vesicle as noted earlier, is a small, spherical sac.

  A variety of substance are transported in vesicle from one structure to another within cells

  Vesicles also import  materials from and release materials into extracellular fluid.

  During endocytosis, material move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

  In exocytosis, materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell

  Thus, transport in vesicles is an active process

  Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cell

  Only a few body cells, termed phagocytes, are able to carry out phagocytosis.

  Most body cells carry out bulk-phase endocytosis, also called pinocytosis a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up.

EXOCYTOSIS

  In contrast with endocytosis, which brings materials into a cell, exocytosis releases materials from a cell.

  All cells carry out exocytoses, but it is especially important in two types of cells

(1)   Secretory cells thet liberate digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, or other secreation

(2)   Nerve cell that release substances called neutransmitters

          In  some case waste are also released by exocytosis

          Segments of the plasma membrane lost through endocytosis are recovered or recycled by exocytosis

          Membrane exchange is quite extensive in certain cells

EXOCYTOSIS

  Transport in vesicles may also be used to successively move a substance into, across, and out of a cell

  This active process called transcytosis, vesicles undergo endocytosison one side of a cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side

TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF CELLS

TRANSPORT PROCESS	DESCRIPTION	SUBSTANCE TRANSPORTED
Passive processes	movement of substance down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
Diffusion	The movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient due to their kinetic energy until they reach equilibrium
Simple diffusion	Passives movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport proteins	Nonpolar, hydrophobic solute, polar molecules, charged solute
Facilitated diffusion	Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer by transmembrane proteins that function as channels or carriers	Polar or charged solutes solvent
Osmosis	Passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration	Solvent: water in living systems
Active processes	Movement of substances against a concentration gradient requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
Active transport	Active process  in which a cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient by transmembrane proteins that function as carriers	Polar or charged solutes
Primary active transport	Active process in which a substance moves across the membrane against its concentration gradient by pumps that use energy supplied by hydrolysis of ATP	Na+, K+, H+ and other ions
Secondary active transport	Coupled active transport of two substances across the membrane using energy supplied	Antiport: h+ out of cell, Ca2+ Symport: glucose, amino acids
Transport in vesicles	Active process in which substance move into or out of cells in vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane
endocytosis	Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles
Receptor-mediated endocytosis	Ligand-receptor complexes trigger infolding of a clathrin-coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands	Ligands: transferring, low density lipoproteins
phagocytosis	“cell eating” movement of asolid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it to form a phagosome	Bacteria, virus and aged or dead cell
Bulk-phase endocytosis	“cell drinking” movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane to form a vesicle	Solute in extracellular fluid
Exocytosis	Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid	Neurotransmitter, hormones, and digestive enzymes
transcytosis	Movement of asubstance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the opposite side	antibodies